The Modern Period

The Rebellion

Benito Juárez died of a heart attack on July 17, 1872.  Juárez once an ally then  a enemy Díaz  became president.  Porfirio Díaz was an indian from Oaxaca.  He served as president from 1884-1911.  He was an absolute ruler for 35 years.

In1910, Porfirio Díaz nearing  80 won his 8th term by means of an illegal election. Francisco Madero lead the revolt against the dictator Díaz.  Madero wrote the Plan of San Luis Potosí which demanded honest elections.

Under the Dictator Porfirio Díaz México developed rapidly:

• Railroads
• Factories
• Electricity
• The streets were paved in México City
• México City is drained
• Oil is discovered in México
• Rid México of bandits

Biggest mistake -was to allow foreign countries to own resources in México.

Indians were in a worse situation- no land - no deed

Haciendas- contained many Indians, villages, churches, priest, and stores.

During the Rebellion, men fought and the women and children starved.

The Rebellion was not well planned- too many leaders-they were only held together by their hatred of Díaz.

Francisco Madero- lead the rebellion and later becomes President.  He had Díaz exiled.  Díaz friends had Madero killed.

Emiliano Zapata- pure blooded Indian-could not read or write.  He wanted land for the Indians IMMEDIATELY.  TIERRA Y LIBERTAD

The Plan of Ayala

Francisco (Pancho) Villa-Rough Robin Hood- quarrel with Carranza-became a bandit.

La cucaracha- la canción

Venustiano Carranza-becomes President.  Carranza tried to retain power after the presidency-by fixing an election.  The Rebellion drove from him from the presidency.

Constitution of 1917:

• President 1 term of 6 years
• Congress chosen by the vote of the people.
• Oil and mineral companies belong to the nation and cannot become private property.
• Rights of town laborers- special protection
• The government was given power to divide huge estates among the people.

Victoriano Huerta-he was good general but he was a drunk and a drug addict.

North- Pancho Villa

South-Emiliano Zapata

Northeast- Carranza

Northwest-Alvaro Obregón

Alvaro Obregón organized labor and rebelled against Carranza.

Los Corridos- the songs that the people sang themselves.  They corridistas were usually spies- the information they gave was called la bola. The corridos would begin with the date of the event, the central figure, and then the farewell.

La Cucaracha

La Cucaracha, la Cucaracha,
Ya no puede caminar.
Porque le falta, porque no tiene,
Dinero para gastar.

Una cosa me da risa
Pancho Villa sin camisa.
Ya se van los Carrancistas,
Porque vienen los Villistas

Women of the Rebellion:

They were known as Soldaderas-they fought beside their husbands.  Two popular  corridos are La Adelita  and La Valentina.

Plutarco Calles  became president.

Two of many political parties in México:

PRI- Partido Revolucionario Institucional-1946

PAN- Partido Acción Nacional

Lazaro Cardenas- president

On March 18, 1938 Declaration of Economic Independence

World War II- México was one of the first to offer help to the US after Pearl Harbor.  México sank German vessels and tracked down spies- the US in turn aided México with loans.

Los Braceros- the men hired to work in the US during the war-they were farm workers. In 1951-1960- the Congress brought 3,500,000 to the US.

PEMEX-Petroleos Mexicanos

Artists:

Diego Rivera- known for murals

National Palace Murals- depict the History of Mewxico from the Conquist to the 20th century.

Jose Clemente Orozco

David Alfaro Siquieros-La Marcha De la Humanidad

Rufino Tamayo- from Oaxaca- great use of color- geometric- cosmic

Juan O' Gorman-The Library of México City University

Catholic Church- best examples of modern architecture

Frida Kahlo-wife of Diego Rivera- self-portraits